Drought is a cumulative process: one that takes time to develop,
and one that takes time to recover from. As a general rule,
the longer the period of time over which precipitation deficits have occurred,
the longer it will take to return to normal conditions.
Arizona’s
drought status maps
take into account varying timescales to appropriately reflect drought conditions -
up to 12 months for the short-term maps, and four years for the long-term maps.
For more current, updated weather resources, visit the websites below.
Daily Snow Water Content (SNOTEL)
http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/snotelanom/basinswen.html
Snowpack telemetry (SNOTEL) sites are automated stations that measure snowpack depth,
temperature, precipitation, soil moisture content, and soil saturation. A parameter
called snow water content (SWC; also known as snow water equivalent, or SWE) is
calculated from this information. SWC refers to the depth of water that would result
by melting the snowpack at the SNOTEL site and is important in estimating runoff
and streamflow. It depends mainly on the density of the snow. Given two snow samples
of the same depth, heavy, wet snow will yield a greater SWC than light, powdery
snow. Values are shown for river basins throughout the West, and SWC is expressed
as a percent of the 1971–2000 average values. The number of SNOTEL sites varies
by basin. Basins with more than one site are represented as an average of the sites.
Individual sites do not always report data due to lack of snow or instrument error.
For more information on SNOTEL, see:
http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/factpub/sntlfct1.html. For a list of snow water
content and precipitation by named river basin, see:
http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/snotelanom/snotelbasin.
USGS weekly streamflow for Arizona
http://water.usgs.gov/waterwatch/?m=pa07d&r=az&w=real%2Cmap
The weekly streamflow map shows the average streamflow conditions for the past seven
days. By averaging over an entire week, the values on the map are more indicative
of longer-term streamflow conditions than are measured daily or in “real time.”
The map depicts 7-day average streamflow conditions as computed at USGS gaging stations.
The colors represent 7-day average streamflow compared to percentiles of historical
7-day average streamflow for the day of the year. Thus, the map represents conditions
adjusted for the time of the year. Only stations having at least 30 years of record
are used. During winter months, some parts of Arizona may have fewer gages reporting
than at other times of the year due to ice effects, which impede accurate gage readings.
The data used to produce this map are provisional and have not been reviewed or
edited; they may be subject to significant change. For information on percentiles,
see:
http://water.usgs.gov/waterwatch/htmls/ptile.html.
For information on how ice effects impact streamflow gage readings, see:
http://water.usgs.gov/waterwatch/htmls/ice.html.
The Most Recent Weekly and Monthly Temperature and Precipitation
The series of below portray data from the NOAA-National Weather Service Cooperative
Observer Network; the maps are generated by the Western Regional Climate Center.
Values at each station are shown in the small boxes. “Average” refers to the arithmetic
mean of weekly data from 1971–2000. Departure from average temperature or precipitation
is calculated by subtracting current data from the average. The result can be positive
or negative. The continuous color maps are derived by taking measurements at individual
meteorological stations and mathematically estimating values between known data
points.
Arizona Weekly Temperature
Actual temperatures:
http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/anomimage.pl?ari7dTvv.gif
Differences between actual weekly temperatures and the 1971-2000 average:http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/anomimage.pl?ari7dTvdepv.gif
Arizona Weekly Precipitation
Actual weekly precipitation:
http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/anomimage.pl?ari7dPv.gif
Differences between actual weekly precipitation and the 1971-2000 average:
http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/anomimage.pl?ari7dPdepv.gif
Arizona Monthly Temperature
Actual monthly temperatures:
http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/anomimage.pl?ari30dTvv.gif
Differences between actual monthly temperatures and the 1971-2000 average:
http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/anomimage.pl?ari30dTvdepv.gif
Arizona Monthly Precipitation
Actual monthly precipitation: actual:
http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/anomimage.pl?ari30dPv.gif
Differences between actual monthly precipitation and the 1971-2000 average:
http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/anomimage.pl?ari30dPdepv.gif
Soil Moisture (University of Washington)
http://www.hydro.washington.edu/forecast/monitor/index.shtml
The soil moisture map shows the daily estimated soil moisture with respect to the
estimated 1915-2003 historic average. Data are expressed as percentiles; in other
words, a color corresponding to a value of 5 means that the data fall into the lowest
5% of soil moisture values for that day for the period 1915-2003 (below the lowest
30% of soil moisture values is defined as dry or depleted soil moisture). White
areas on the map correspond to values fall the 30-70% range of soil moisture values
for that day for the period 1915-2003. By scrolling your mouse over or clicking
on “SM,” in the data table above the map, you can also view the change in soil moisture
during the last day, week, 2 weeks, and month.
The soil moisture values were estimated by the
VIC macroscale hydrologic model. The detailed, physically-based VIC model
uses input of land cover type, vegetation type, soil texture, and solar radiation.
Observed daily precipitation and temperature maxima and minima from approximately
2130 stations, selected for reporting reliably in real-time and for having records
of longer than 45 years (and various other criteria), are used to calculate changes
in soil moisture. These are obtained from the
NOAA
Applied Climate Information System (ACIS).
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Upper Colorado River Basin
This website leads you to historic data on inflow to Lake Powell, power releases,
releases downstream, and reservoir levels.
http://www.usbr.gov/uc/crsp/GetSiteInfo
Choose Lake Powell and click on “Choose Dates,” which brings you to a screen in
which you can choose your period of interest (the default is the entire period of
record). You can then select graphs of the variables mentioned above. By right-clicking
on the graph, you can download it; you can also download the data shown in the graph.
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Lower Colorado River Basin
This website leads you to historic data and predictions for a variety of Lower Colorado
River Basin reservoirs, including Lake Mead. The left column leads you to links
to daily reservoir elevations and forecasts for the next 24 months. Links to graphs
of historic Lake Mead elevations are located near the bottom left of the page.
http://www.usbr.gov/lc/riverops.html
National Weather Service Tucson Southeastern Arizona Drought Page
http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/twc/climate/seazDM.php
The National Weather Service Tucson Forecast Office Southeast Arizona Drought Monitoring
webpage provides a variety of drought data and forecasts geographically focused
on southeastern Arizona. The website provides time histories of precipitation for
sub-county areas and individual weather stations. The site also has clickable maps
of the percent of average precipitation for various timespans. A set of tabs gives
the user access to a table of precipitation data for the sub-county areas and individual
stations. The table includes actual precipitation amount, average ("normal") precipitation,
difference between actual and average, and percent of average precipitation. The
website also has a very useful table showing changes in the US Drought Monitor status,
as well as links to NOAA-National Weather Service drought and climate forecast products.
National Weather Service Phoenix Arizona Precipitation Data
http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/psr/DroughtPage.php?data=ALLDATA
The National Weather Service Phoenix Forecast Office Arizona Precipitation Data
website provides information on precipitation at over 80 weather stations throughout
Arizona. The opening page shows the precipitation status of the stations since the
beginning of 1996 and 1999, two years commonly cited as the start of our most recent
drought. A table near the bottom of the page shows precipitation totals at each
station for each year since 1996, as well as the "normal" or 1971-2000 average.
By clicking on the station name, the user gets a graph of calendar year precipitation
for each station since 1996. By clicking on the years at the top of the page, the
user gets a table with information on station precipitation for that particular
year. By clicking on the current year, the user gets a table showing monthly precipitation
at each station, and how that precipitation compares with the 1971-2000 average
for that month and for the entire calendar year; the aforementioned feature allows
the user to see how precipitation is progressing during the course of the year.